Tsunami risk communication and management: Contemporary gaps and challenges

Very large tsunamis are associated with low probabilities of occurrence. In many parts of the world, these events have usually occurred in a distant time in the past. As a result, there is low risk perception and a lack of collective memories, making tsunami risk communication both challenging and complex. Furthermore, immense challenges lie ahead as population and risk exposure continue to increase in coastal areas. Through the last decades, tsunamis have caught coastal populations off-guard, providing evidence of lack of preparedness. Recent tsunamis, such as the Indian Ocean Tsunami in 2004, 2011 Tohoku and 2018 Palu, have shaped the way tsunami risk is perceived and acted upon. Based on lessons learned from a selection of past tsunami events, this paper aims to review the existing body of knowledge and the current challenges in tsunami risk communication, and to identify the gaps in the tsunami risk management methodologies. The important lessons provided by the past events call for strengthening community resilience and improvement in risk-informed actions and policy measures. This paper shows that research efforts related to tsunami risk communication remain fragmented. The analysis of tsunami risk together with a thorough understanding of risk communication gaps and challenges is indispensable towards developing and deploying comprehensive disaster risk reduction measures. Moving from a broad and interdisciplinary perspective, the paper suggests that probabilistic hazard and risk assessments could potentially contribute towards better science communication and improved planning and implementation of risk mitigation measures

Tsunami risk communication and management: Contemporary gaps and challenges

Supplementary data: The following is the Supplementary data to this article: Acrobat PDF file (2MB) available at: https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S2212420921007329-mmc1.pdfCopyright © 2022 The Authors. Very large tsunamis are associated with low probabilities of occurrence. In many parts of the world, these events have usually occurred in a distant time in the past. As a result, there is low risk perception and a lack of collective memories, making tsunami risk communication both challenging and complex. Furthermore, immense challenges lie ahead as population and risk exposure continue to increase in coastal areas. Through the last decades, tsunamis have caught coastal populations off-guard, providing evidence of lack of preparedness. Recent tsunamis, such as the Indian Ocean Tsunami in 2004, 2011 Tohoku and 2018 Palu, have shaped the way tsunami risk is perceived and acted upon. Based on lessons learned from a selection of past tsunami events, this paper aims to review the existing body of knowledge and the current challenges in tsunami risk communication, and to identify the gaps in the tsunami risk management methodologies. The important lessons provided by the past events call for strengthening community resilience and improvement in risk-informed actions and policy measures. This paper shows that research efforts related to tsunami risk communication remain fragmented. The analysis of tsunami risk together with a thorough understanding of risk communication gaps and challenges is indispensable towards developing and deploying comprehensive disaster risk reduction measures. Moving from a broad and interdisciplinary perspective, the paper suggests that probabilistic hazard and risk assessments could potentially contribute towards better science communication and improved planning and implementation of risk mitigation measures.COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology); Royal Society, UK (grant number CHL\R1\180173); Severo Ochoa Centers of Excellence Program (CEX 2018-000797-S) funded by MCIN/ AEI /10.13039/501100011033; Lloyd's Tercentenary Research Foundation, the Lighthill Risk Network, and the Lloyd's Register Foundation-Data Centric Engineering Programme of the Alan Turing Institute

Textile Reinforced Mortars systems: a sustainable way to retrofit structural masonry walls under tsunami loads

Retrofit of existing structures is one of the most demanding and challenging tasks for practitioners. The research community is providing newer solutions and systems improving the compatibility and sustainability both in environmental and conservation fields. Textile reinforced mortars (TRMs) represent a good balance between strength provided by fibres and compatibility of mortars by the matrix. The main aim of the paper is to provide fast assessment tools for the effects of tsunami actions on masonry structures, assuming as main parameter the inundation depth, and to provide a comparably fast tool to design retrofit interventions with innovative strengthening systems. The peculiar multilinear behaviour of systems, like as TRM, is accounted for and some design equations and charts are provided, discussing the peculiarities of the material property variability to orient the designer to coherent and effective decisions; potential uncertainty and variability of substrate masonry are taken into account, too

Sezioni inflesse in cls armato modellazione analitica non lineare

Il presente studio si è posto come obiettivo di sviluppare un modello di calcolo semplificato, partendo dalla teoria tecnica del calcestruzzo armato, per ottenere diagrammi momento-curvatura e domini M-N di una generica sezione rettangolare in cemento armato soggetta a presso- o tenso-flessione retta. Valutazioni semplificate in campo elastico allo stato limite di esercizio o non lineare allo stato limite ultimo sono condotte mediante approcci semplificati per valutazioni puntali o mediante modelli di calcolo articolati e complessi quali ad esempio discretizzazione in fibre e l’integrazione numerica per ottenere diagrammi e domini, non gestibili con il calcolo manuale e per questo implementati in software di calcolo quali, ad esempio, Reluis Biaxial e VcaSlu. La metodologia proposta si pone come obiettivo il raggiungimento dei medesimi risultati mediante l’utilizzo del calcolo manuale di semplice e immediata esecuzione mediante una estensione della teoria dello Stress-Block (metodo introdotto dalla normativa italiana per lo studio di sezioni in cemento armato allo stato limite ultimo) fin dal comportamento elastico delle sezioni, includendo anche il softening post-picco o l’effetto del confinamento in una maniera semplice e diretta. Un esempio numerico finale illustra l’applicabilità del modello

Dynamic response of asymmetric bodies assuming a rocking behaviour

The aim of the proposed work is to clarify the dynamic behaviour of asymmetric bodies in the case of rocking behaviour. The proposed algorithm is based on Housner theory and the integration of the equations of motion is evaluated with the Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg (RKF45) method. The significant accumulation of numerical errors is evaluated during the integration between two consecutive acceleration points where the rotation sign changes owing to the adoption of an equation that is wrong. An iterative calculation is developed to reduce numerical error depending on a specific tolerance and, therefore, the algorithm accuracy is investigated. In addition, the reduction of energy due to the impact at the point of change of the sign of rotation is analysed by means of a restitution coefficient. It is important to note that this is highly dependent on the rigid block properties, and experimental programmes are required to calibrate the restitution coefficient properly. Sensitivity analyses are performed in order to clarify the effects of convergence parameters and tolerances on the results, due to high numerical instabilities. Furthermore, fragility curves are retrieved based on far-field and near-field sets of accelerograms proposed by the Applied Technology Council in 2008, ATC-63, and a critical discussion is provided concerning the most efficient intensity measure parameters

Preliminary tsunami analytical fragility functions proposal for Italian coastal residential masonry buildings

Scientific community showed particular interest in tsunami risk assessment in the last years due to several worldwide tsunami events where high damages and human casualties were recorded during post-event surveys. This paper investigates the behaviour of Italian coastal residential masonry buildings under tsunami loads. Main fragility curves available in literature are based on empirical databases and consequentially, the structural behaviour is strictly related to local building typologies of other countries. For masonry buildings, it is complex to predict global response due to high material inhomogeneity, especially in the case of regional scale analysis; a critical review on local mechanisms activation of masonry walls under tsunami loads is briefly performed. Therefore, local mechanisms activation for masonry walls are investigated depending on out-of-plane and in-plane mechanisms assuming flexural and shear failure. Structures designed for gravity or seismic loads are generated based on several building classes depending on number of storeys and age of construction. Monte Carlo analyses generated building models for each identified building class to simulate the behaviour of Italian masonry buildings. Preliminary analytical tsunami fragility curves are developed in order to assess the vulnerability of Italian coastal residential masonry buildings under tsunami loads. A critical review is proposed on developed fragility curves